Technical description of solution usn2004a 2004 May 25 1. Purpose of solution: TRF/CRF for session EOP 2. Analysis center: USN ( United States Naval Observatory ) 3. Short narrative description of solution: Solution usn2004a estimates station position and velocity parameters to define the TRF/CRF for computing EOP time series. Source positions are also estimated. The TRF is attached to ITRF2000 by imposing no-net-rotation and no-net-translation conditions for the positions of a subset of stations and, similarly, no-net-rotation and no-net-translation conditions for the velocities of a subset of stations. The CRF is attached to the ICRF by a no-net-rotation condition using the 212 ICRF defining sources [1]. Parameters are split into three groups: a) global - parameters estimated over all sessions; b) local - parameters estimated for each 24-hour session; c) segmented - parameters estimated over 60 minute time spans. Positions and velocities of all stations were estimated as global parameters. Positions of 573 sources were estimated as global parameters. These 573 sources were considered eligible for estimation as global parameters based on the following criteria: 1) the source had 40 or more good observations; 2) the source was observed during two or more sessions; and 3) the source had N.R.D. less than 1.3 in preliminary solutions. Positions for an additional 144 sources (APPENDIX B) were estimated for each session independently (treated as arc parameters). These sources were selected on the criteria: 1) less than 40 good observations, or 2) observed in less than two sessions, or 3) weighted RMS position errors > 1.3 mas in R.A. or Dec. in preliminary solutions, or 4) chi-square per degree of freedom > 2.5 in R.A. or Dec in preliminary solutions. Finally, 39 sources (APPENDIX C) were excluded from the solution including: 30 sources with N.R.D. > 1.3, 6 sources with bad data, and 3 radio stars. Mean site gradients were computed from a GSFC Data Assimilation Office (DAO) model for met data from 1990-95. Atmospheric gradient delay is modeled as tau = m_grad(el,az) * [GN*cos(az)+GE*sin(az)], where el and az are the elevation and azimuth of the the observation and the gradient mapping function is m_grad. The gradient vector has east and north components GE and GN. Refer to [2], [3]. 4. Estimated parameters: a. celestial frame: right ascension, declination (global and local) b. terrestrial frame: X, Y, Z, Xdot, Ydot, Zdot (global) c. Earth orientation: x, y, UT1-UTC, UT1dot, dpsi, deps (local) d. zenith troposphere: continuous piece-wise linear; 20 min interval; rate constraint generally 50 ps/hr; NMF wet partial derivative (segmented) e. troposphere gradient: 6 hour east and north piece-wise continuous at all stations except a set of 108 stations (APPENDIX D); offset constraint 0.5 mm, rate constraint 2.0 mm/day (segmented) f. station clocks: quadratic + continuous piece-wise linear with 60 min interval; rate constraint generally 5.0E-14 (segmented) g. baseline clocks: set in initial analysis - usually used (local) h. other: global antenna axis offsets for all but 110 stations (APPENDIX E) (global) 5. Celestial reference frame: a. a priori source positions: ICRF b. source positions adjusted in solution: yes If yes, c. definition of orientation: no-net-rotation tie to the ICRF using only ICRF defining sources d. source position estimation: 573 global and 144 local 6. Terrestrial reference frame: a. a priori station positions: ITRF2000 b. a priori station velocities: ITRF2000 c. reference epoch: 1997.0 d. station positions/velocities adjusted in solution: yes If yes, e. definition of origin, orientation, and their time evolution: no-net-translation and no-net-rotation of position with respect to ITRF2000 for 35 stations: ALGOPARK BR-VLBA DSS45 FD-VLBA FORTLEZA HARTRAO HATCREEK HAYSTACK \ HN-VLBA HOBART26 KASHIM34 KASHIMA KAUAI KOKEE KP-VLBA LA-VLBA \ MATERA MK-VLBA NL-VLBA NOTO NRAO20 NRAO85_3 NYALES20 ONSALA60 \ OV-VLBA OVRO_130 PIETOWN RICHMOND SANTIA12 SC-VLBA SESHAN25 TSUKUB32 \ VNDNBERG WESTFORD WETTZELL no-net-translation and no-net-rotation of velocity with respect to ITRF2000 for the same 35 stations: ALGOPARK BR-VLBA DSS45 FD-VLBA FORTLEZA HARTRAO HATCREEK HAYSTACK \ HN-VLBA HOBART26 KASHIM34 KASHIMA KAUAI KOKEE KP-VLBA LA-VLBA \ MATERA MK-VLBA NL-VLBA NOTO NRAO20 NRAO85_3 NYALES20 ONSALA60 \ OV-VLBA OVRO_130 PIETOWN RICHMOND SANTIA12 SC-VLBA SESHAN25 TSUKUB32 \ VNDNBERG WESTFORD WETTZELL f. station parameter estimation: X, Y, Z, Xdot, Ydot, Zdot globally for all stations, some with constraints g. stations with constraints: A priori velocity of U, E, and N components for the stations listed in APPENDIX F were constrained to the ITRF2000 velocities with reciprocal weights 0.1, 3.0, and 3.0 mm/yr respectively because the stations have too short history of observations, in many cases only one occupation. The velocities of the 20 sets of stations listed in APPENDIX G were constrained to be the same. h. stations with discontinuous positions and date of discontinuity: YAKATAGA 871201 ! Earthquake SOURDOGH 871201 ! Earthquake WHTHORSE 871201 ! Earthquake FORTORDS 891001 ! Earthquake PRESIDIO 891001 ! Earthquake MOJAVE12 920627 ! Earthquake DSS15 920627 ! Earthquake MEDICINA 960601 ! Rail repair EFLSBERG 961001 ! Rail repair DSS65 970415 ! Rail repair MIURA 000701 ! Seismic event TATEYAMA 000701 ! Seismic event GILCREEK 021103 ! Earthquake i. stations with nonlinear velocities: none j. relativity scale: Formula 29 in IERS Conventions 1992, page 127-136 was used. k. permanent tide correction: yes "Yes" means that both the permanent and the periodic tides have been modeled, so that the output station position is for after the removal of both the permanent and the periodic tidal effect. 7. Earth orientation: a. a priori precession model: IERS 1996 b. a priori nutation model: IERS 1996 c. a priori short-period tidal variations in x, y, UT1 were taken into account in accordance with the model presented in APPENDIX H. d. EOP estimation: X, Y, UT1, Xdot, Ydot, UT1dot, deps, dpsi each day with a priori error of 45 mas for pole and 3 ms for UT1, 45 mas/day and 3 ms/day for pole rate and UT1 rate; deps and dpsi are relative to IAU 1976 precession and IAU 1980 nutation models. Time tag of EOP series is the middle epoch of the observing session. The model of high frequency variations in polar motion and UT1 specified in the Appendix G was added to the apriori EOP during data reduction. The reported values of polar motion and UT1 are the sum of the adjustments and the apriori EOP without contribution due to the high frequency variations. Thus, the final series of polar motion and UT1 do not contain contributions due to the high frequency variations. 8. A priori geophysical models: a. troposphere: NMF dry mapping function; Saastamoinen zenith delay calculated using logged pressure, temperature; a priori mean gradients from VLBI data or DAO weather model. b. solid Earth tide: IERS Conventions 1996, p.56-65, step 1 and step 2, anelasticity variant, including tides of the 3-rd order. c. ocean loading: IERS Conventions 1996, 11 tidal waves in accordance with Schwiderski model, no nodal correction, no interpolation within the band. d. atmosphere loading: VLBI estimates from VLBI [4] were used for the most frequently observed sites: GILCREEK HATCREEK HAYSTACK HRAS 085 (FD-VLBA,MCD 7850,FTD 7900) MOJAVE12 (MOJ 7288, DSS15) ONSALA60 (MV2ONSLA) RICHMOND (MIAMI20) WESTFORD (HAYSTACK) WETTZELL For the remaining stations we used values derived theoretically by convolution of a loading Green's function with meteorological surface pressure data. These values are from T. vanDam (personal communication) for all other sites except KASHIMA KASHIM34 KAUAI for which values from S. Manabe [5] were used. The estimate of station positions are related to the reference pressure at the station (APPENDIX H). 9. Data type: group delays 10. Data editing: 6 degree elevation cutoff 11. Data weighting. Weights are defined as follows: 1/sqrt ( f**2 + a**2 ) where "f" is the formal uncertainty of the ionosphere free linear combination of group delays at X- and S-band obtained by fringe fitting on the base of achieved signal to noise ratio. Station-dependent parameter "a" was computed for each session by an iterative procedure such that the ratio of the sum of squares of the weighted residuals to the estimate of their mathematical expectation is about unity. 12. Standard errors reported: All errors are derived from least-squares estimation propagated from the data weights and the constraints applied to the troposphere, clock and EOP parameters. 13. Software: Calc 9.12, SOLVE release: 2002.10.04; SOLVE revision: 2002.10.11 14. Other information: Mean pole coordinates used for computation of pole tide deformation were set to 0. References: 1. COORDINATES OF THE DEFINING SOURCES IN ICRF http://hpiers.obspm.fr/webiers/results/icrf/icrfdef.html 2. MacMillan, D.S. and C. Ma, Atmospheric gradients from very long baseline interferometry observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1041-1044, 1995. 3. MacMillan, D.S. and C. Ma, Atmospheric gradients and the VLBI terrestrial and celestial reference frames, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 453-456, 1997. 4. MacMillan, D.S. and J.M. Gipson, Atmospheric pressure loading parameters from very long baseline interferometry observations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 18081-18087, 1994. 5. Manabe, S., T. Sato, S. Sakai, and K. Yokoyama, Atmospheric loading effect on VLBI observations, in Proceedings of the AGU Chapman Conference on Geodetic VLBI: Monitoring Global Change, NOAA Tech. Rep. NOS 137 NGS 49, 111-122, 1991. APPENDIX A. ----------- Sources treated as global parameters. * * 573 sources considered eligible for estimation as global parameters * based on the following criteria applied to crf2004a_00: * 1) 40 or more good observations * 2) observed in 2 or more experiments (no time restriction) * 3) have NRD less than 1.3 * * (modified to insure all 212 ICRF Defining sources are included; see below) * 0002-478 0003+380 0003-066 IIIZW2 0007+171 0008-264 0010+405 0013-005 \ 0014+813 0016+731 0019+058 0026+346 0035+413 0039+230 NGC0262 0047-579 \ 0048-097 0048-427 NGC0315 0056-001 0059+581 0104-408 0106+013 0109+224 \ 0110+495 0111+021 0112-017 0113-118 0118-272 0119+115 0119+041 0123+257 \ 0130-171 0131-522 0133+476 0135-247 0138-097 0146+056 0148+274 0149+218 \ 0150-334 0151+474 0153+744 0159+723 0201+113 0202+149 0202-172 0202+319 \ 0208-512 0212+735 0215+015 0219+428 0220-349 0221+067 4C67.05 0230-790 \ 0229+131 0234+285 0235+164 0237-027 0237+040 NGC1052 0239+108 0241+622 \ 0252-549 0256+075 0259+121 0300+470 0302-623 0302+625 NGC1218 0306+102 \ 0308-611 0309+411 3C84 0317+188 0319+121 0322+222 0326+278 0332-403 \ 0334-546 NRAO140 0335-364 CTA26 0338-214 0341+158 0342+147 NRAO150 \ 0400-319 0400+258 0402-362 0403-132 0405-385 0405-123 0405+305 0406-127 \ 0406+121 0409+229 0414-189 0420-014 0420+417 0422-380 0422+004 0423+051 \ 0425+048 0426-380 0426+273 0430+289 0434-188 0437-454 0438-436 NRAO190 \ 0440+345 0446+112 0444+634 0454-810 0451-282 0454-234 0457+024 0458-020 \ 0458+138 0459+060 0459+135 0500+019 0502+049 0506-612 0454+844 0506+101 \ 0507+179 0508+138 0511-220 0516-621 3C138 0521-365 0524-460 0530-727 \ 0528-250 0528+134 0529+075 0537-441 0537-158 0536+145 0537-286 0539-057 \ 3C147 0544+273 0552+398 0554+242 0556+238 0600+177 0601+245 0602+405 \ 0602+673 0605-085 0607-157 0611+131 0609+607 0620+389 0615+820 0629-418 \ 0637-752 0637-337 0636+680 3C166 0642+449 0646-306 0648-165 0650+371 \ 0651+410 0656+082 0657+172 0707+476 0711+356 0716+714 0722+145 0723-008 \ 0718+793 0727-115 0733-174 0735+178 0738-674 0736+017 0738+313 0738+491 \ 0742+103 0743-006 0743+259 0745+241 0748+126 0749+540 0754+100 0805+046 \ 0805-077 0804+499 0805+410 0808+019 0812+367 0814+425 0818-128 0820+560 \ 0821+621 0823+033 0826-373 0827+243 0829+046 0828+493 0831+557 0834-201 \ 0833+585 0834+250 0836+182 0836+710 0839+187 0850+581 OJ287 0859-140 \ 0859+470 0906+015 0912+029 0912+297 0917+449 0919-260 0917+624 0920-397 \ 0920+390 4C39.25 0925-203 0945+408 0949+354 0952+179 SN1993J M81 \ OK290 0955+476 0955+326 0954+658 1004+141 1011+250 1012+232 1012-448 \ 1014+615 1016-311 1020+400 1021-006 1022+194 1023+131 1030+415 1030+074 \ 1032-199 1034-293 1038+064 1038+52A 1038+52B 3C245 1039+811 1042+071 \ 1045-188 1044+719 1048-313 1049+215 1053+704 1053+815 1055+018 1057-797 \ 1101-325 1101-536 1101+384 1104-445 1105-680 1104+728 1111+149 1116-462 \ 1116+128 1123+264 1124-186 1125+596 1127-145 1128+385 1128-047 1130+009 \ MRK180 NGC3862 1143-245 1144+402 1144-379 1145-071 1147+245 1148-001 \ 1148-671 1150+812 1150+497 1155+251 1156-094 1156+295 1213-172 1213+350 \ 1215+303 1216+487 1219+285 1219+044 1221+809 1222+037 M84 1226-028 \ 1226+373 3C273B 3C274 1236+077 1237-101 1239+376 1240+381 1243-072 \ 1244-255 1252+119 1251-713 3C279 1254+571 1255-316 1257+145 1300+580 \ 1302-102 1307+121 1308+326 1308+328 1313-333 OP326 1318+225 1324+224 \ 3C286 1330+476 1334-127 1338+381 1342+662 1342+663 1347+539 1349-439 \ 1351-018 1352-104 1354+195 1354-174 1354-152 1357+769 1402-012 1402+044 \ OQ208 1406-076 1409+218 1412-368 1413+135 1416+067 1418+546 1417+385 \ 1417+273 1420+326 1424+366 1424+240 1424-418 1427+543 1428+422 NGC5675 \ 1430-178 1432+200 1433+304 1435+638 1435-218 OQ172 1443-162 1444+175 \ 1445-161 1448+762 1451-375 1451-400 1459+480 1502+106 1502+036 1504+377 \ 1504-166 1508+572 1508-055 1510-089 1511-100 1514+197 1514-241 1519-273 \ 1522+155 1532+016 1538+149 1547+507 1546+027 1548+056 1551+130 1549-790 \ 1555+001 1555-140 1557+032 1600+335 1604-333 1606+106 CTD93 1611+343 \ 1614+051 1610-771 1616+063 1619-680 1622-253 1624+416 1622-297 NGC6251 \ 1633+38 1636+473 1637+574 NRAO512 1639+230 1642+690 3C345 1647-296 \ DA426 1656+348 1656+477 1655+077 1656+053 1657-261 1705+456 1705+018 \ 1706-174 1717+178 1726+455 1727+502 1725+044 NRAO530 1732+389 1734+363 \ 1734+508 1738+499 1738+476 1739+522 1741-038 NGC6454 1743+173 1745+624 \ 1746+470 1749+701 1749+096 1751+441 1751+288 1758+388 1803+784 1800+440 \ 1758-651 3C371 1806+456 1806-458 1815-553 1817-254 1821+107 1823+568 \ 1830+285 1831-711 3C390.3 1842+681 1849+670 1856+736 3C395 1908-201 \ 1920-211 1922+155 1921-293 1923+210 1928+738 1926+087 1925-610 1929+226 \ 1932+204 1933-400 1936-155 1937-101 1935-692 1943+228 1951+355 1954+513 \ 1955+335 1954-388 1958-179 2000-330 2007+777 2005+642 2005+403 2005-489 \ OW-015 2008-159 2017+743 2021+317 2023+336 2030+547 2029+121 3C418 \ 2037-253 CL4 2051+745 2052-474 2054-377 2059+034 2059-786 2106+143 \ 2106-413 2113+293 2109-811 2121+053 2126-158 2128-123 2131-021 2134+00 \ 2136+141 2143-156 2144+092 2145+067 2149+056 2150+173 2155-152 2155-304 \ VR422201 2201+315 2201+171 2204-540 2209+236 2210-257 2214+350 2216-038 \ 3C446 2227-088 2229+695 CTA102 2232-488 2234+282 2233-148 2235+731 \ 2243-123 2244-372 2245-328 2250+194 3C454.3 2252-089 2253+417 2254+074 \ 2254+024 2255-282 2302+232 2312-319 2318+049 2319+272 2320+506 2320-035 \ 2325-150 2326-477 2328+107 2329-162 2329-384 2331-240 2335-027 2344+09A \ 2345-167 2351+456 2351-154 2353-686 2355-534 2355-106 2356+385 APPENDIX B. ----------- Sources whose data was not used. * * 6 sources with bad data * 0218+357 0218+35A 0218+35B 1830-211 1830-21A 1830-21B \ * * 30 sources with N.R.D. > 1.3 in crf2004a_01 * 0108+388 0153-410 0201+088 0237-233 0407-658 0415+379 0610+260 0710+439 \ 0959-443 1031+567 1144+352 1323+321 1345+125 1814-637 1826+796 1947+079 \ 1950-613 2021+614 2128+048 2149-306 2227-399 2300-307 2337+264 2352+495 \ 3C120 3C309.1 3C48 4C55.17 CEN-A NGC3894 \ * * 3 radio stars * HD32918 HR1099 LSI61303 APPENDIX C. ----------- List of 110 stations for which troposphere gradients were not estimated. AIRA AUSTINTX AZORES BERMUDA BLKBUTTE \ BLOOMIND BREST CARNUSTY CARROLGA CHICHI10 \ CHLBOLTN CTVASBAY CTVASTJ DAITO DEADMANL \ DSS15 ELY FLAGSTAF FORTORDS FORT_ORD \ FTD_7900 GBT-VLBA GGAO7108 GIFU11 GIFU3 \ GOLDVENU GORF7102 GRASSE HALEAKAL HOFN \ HOHENFRG HOHNBERG JPL_MV1 KAINAN KANOZAN \ KARLBURG KASHIM11 KIRSBERG KODIAK KOGANEI \ KOGANEI3 KWAJAL26 LEONRDOK MAMMOTHL MARCUS \ MARPOINT MCD_7850 METSHOVI MIAMI20 MILESMON \ MIURA MIYAZAKI MIZNAO10 MIZUSGSI MOJ_7288 \ MON_PEAK MV2ONSLA NOBEY_6M NOME NRAO85_1 \ OCOTILLO OHIGGINS ONSALA85 OVR_7853 PARKES \ PBLOSSOM PENTICTN PINFLATS PLATTVIL PRESIDIO \ PT_REYES PVERDES QUINCY ROBLED32 SAGARA \ SANPAULA SEATTLE1 SESHAN25 SEST SHANGHAI \ SINTOTU SINTOTU3 SNDPOINT SOURDOGH SUWON \ SYOWA TATEYAMA TITIJIMA TOMAKO11 TOULOUSE \ TROMSONO TRYSILNO TIDBIN64 TIGOWTZL TSUKUBA \ TSUKU3 URUMQI USSURISK USUDA64 VERAMZSW \ VERNAL VICTORIA VLA VLA-N8 WHTHORSE \ YAKATAGA YEBES YELLOWKN YLOW7296 YUMA APPENDIX D. ----------- List of 112 stations for which axis offsets were not estimated. AIRA AUSTINTX AZORES BERMUDA BLKBUTTE \ BLOOMIND BREST CARNUSTY CARROLGA CHICHI10 \ CHLBOLTN CRIMEA CTVASBAY CTVASTJ DAITO \ DEADMANL DSS15 ELY FLAGSTAF FORTORDS \ FORT_ORD FTD_7900 GGAO7108 GIFU3 GIFU11 \ GOLDVENU GORF7102 GRASSE HALEAKAL HOFN \ HOHENFRG HOHNBERG JPL_MV1 KAINAN KANOZAN \ KARLBURG KASHIM11 KIRSBERG KODIAK KOGANEI \ KOGANEI3 KWAJAL26 LEONRDOK MAMMOTHL MARCUS \ MARPOINT MCD_7850 METSHOVI MIAMI20 MILESMON \ MIURA MIYAZAKI MIZNAO10 VERAMZSW MIZUSGSI \ MOJ_7288 MON_PEAK MV2ONSLA NOBEY_6M NOME \ NRAO85_1 OCOTILLO OHIGGINS ONSALA85 OVR_7853 \ PARKES PBLOSSOM PENTICTN PINFLATS PLATTVIL \ PRESIDIO PT_REYES PVERDES QUINCY ROBLED32 \ SAGARA SANPAULA SEATTLE1 SESHAN25 SEST \ SHANGHAI SINTOTU SINTOTU3 SNDPOINT SOURDOGH \ SUWON SYOWA SVETLOE TATEYAMA TITIJIMA \ TOMAKO11 TOULOUSE TROMSONO TRYSILNO TIDBIN64 \ TIGOCONC TIGOWTZL TSUKUBA TSUKU3 URUMQI \ USSURISK USUDA64 VERNAL VICTORIA VLA \ VLA-N8 WHTHORSE YAKATAGA YEBES YELLOWKN \ YLOW7296 YUMA APPENDIX E. ----------- List of 40 stations with constraints on velocity. AUSTINTX AZORES BERMUDA BLOOMIND BREST \ CARNUSTY CARROLGA CHLBOLTN CTVASBAY CTVASTJ \ DAITO FTD_7900 GIFU3 GIFU11 GRASSE \ HOFN HOHENFRG HOHNBERG KAINAN KANOZAN \ KARLBURG KIRSBERG LEONRDOK MCD_7850 METSHOVI \ MILESMON NOBEY_6M OCOTILLO SAGARA SEST \ SUWON SVETLOE TIDBIN64 TITIJIMA TOMAKO11 \ TOULOUSE USSURISK USUDA64 VERAMZSW VICTORIA APPENDIX F. ----------- Velocities of these sets of stations were constrained to be the same. DSS15 GOLDMARS \ DSS45 TIDBIN64 \ DSS65 ROBLED32 MADRID64 \ FORT_ORD FORTORDS \ GGAO7108 GORF7102 \ KASHIM34 KASHIM11 \ KAUAI HALEAKAL \ KOGANEI KOGANEI3 \ MIZNAO10 MIZUSGSI VERAMZSW \ MOJAVE12 MOJ_7288 \ NRAO_140 NRAO85_1 \ ONSALA60 MV2ONSLA ONSALA85 \ OVRO_130 OVR_7853 \ RICHMOND MIAMI20 \ SESHAN25 SHANGHAI \ SINTOTU3 SINTOTU \ TSUKUB32 TSUKU3 \ PIETOWN VLA VLA-N8 \ WETTZELL TIGOWTZL \ YLOW7296 YELLOWKN APPENDIX G. ----------- Expansion of short-period variations in polar motion and UT1. UT1 tidal terms (microseconds) l l' F D Om GST | Cos | Sin | +pi | | | ----------------------------------------- 2 0 2 0 2 -1 -.13 -1.24 0 0 2 2 2 -1 .19 -.82 1 0 2 0 1 -1 -.50 -.92 1 0 2 0 2 -1 -2.64 -4.90 -1 0 2 2 2 -1 -1.10 -.77 0 0 2 0 1 -1 -2.51 -3.34 0 0 2 0 2 -1 -13.31 -17.72 -1 0 2 0 2 -1 .34 .63 1 0 0 0 0 -1 .48 .77 0 1 2 -2 2 -1 -.21 -.43 0 0 2 -2 2 -1 -3.20 -5.32 0 1 0 0 0 -1 .50 1.89 0 0 0 0 -1 -1 -.19 -.33 0 0 0 0 0 -1 9.83 16.45 0 0 0 0 1 -1 1.33 2.23 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 -.17 .41 0 0 -2 2 -2 -1 .08 -.04 -1 0 0 0 0 -1 .13 1.25 0 0 -2 0 -2 -1 .68 .33 0 0 -2 0 -1 -1 .44 .21 -1 0 -2 0 -2 -1 .18 .75 -1 0 -2 0 -1 -1 .12 .48 2 0 2 0 2 -2 -.30 .61 0 0 2 2 2 -2 -.83 .47 1 0 2 0 2 -2 -1.94 3.13 -1 0 2 2 2 -2 -.19 .67 0 0 2 0 1 -2 .37 -.57 0 0 2 0 2 -2 -9.88 15.37 -1 0 2 0 2 -2 .12 -.34 0 1 2 -2 2 -2 -.06 .17 0 0 2 -2 2 -2 -1.25 7.73 0 1 0 0 0 -2 .24 .27 0 0 0 0 0 -2 .28 2.48 0 0 0 0 1 -2 .08 .74 0 0 3 0 3 -3 .24 .03 0 0 0 4 1 -1 .26 .10 1 0 4 -2 2 -1 .43 -.52 0 0 0 1 0 -1 -.29 -.23 3 -1 2 0 2 -2 .14 .00 1 1 2 0 1 -2 -.26 -.40 0 0 0 -2 2 -2 .23 .09 Polar motion tidal terms (microarcseconds) l l' F D Om GST | Cos | Sin | +pi | | | ----------------------------------------- -2 0 -2 0 -2 1 -6.90 5.52 0 0 -2 -2 -2 1 -8.63 3.00 -1 0 -2 0 -1 1 -5.58 1.48 -1 0 -2 0 -2 1 -29.56 7.83 1 0 -2 -2 -2 1 -7.86 3.64 0 0 -2 0 -1 1 -25.03 8.53 0 0 -2 0 -2 1 -132.70 45.21 1 0 -2 0 -2 1 2.59 .60 -1 0 0 0 0 1 3.26 -8.76 0 -1 -2 2 -2 1 1.25 9.68 0 0 -2 2 -2 1 -49.40 19.23 0 -1 0 0 0 1 25.06 6.71 0 0 0 0 1 1 -3.09 1.76 0 0 0 0 0 1 156.21 -88.75 0 0 0 0 -1 1 21.18 -12.04 0 1 0 0 0 1 4.99 .50 0 0 2 -2 2 1 3.25 2.62 1 0 0 0 0 1 .51 -4.99 0 0 2 0 2 1 5.93 -10.38 0 0 2 0 1 1 3.80 -6.65 1 0 2 0 2 1 .46 .59 1 0 2 0 1 1 .30 .37 -2 0 -2 0 -2 2 4.13 -.28 0 0 -2 -2 -2 2 -1.37 .40 -1 0 -2 0 -2 2 10.48 -12.69 1 0 -2 -2 -2 2 4.33 1.81 0 0 -2 0 -1 2 -1.06 2.12 0 0 -2 0 -2 2 28.34 -56.83 1 0 -2 0 -2 2 1.92 .54 0 -1 -2 2 -2 2 5.42 -4.28 0 0 -2 2 -2 2 -.48 -20.16 0 -1 0 0 0 2 2.61 1.85 0 0 0 0 0 2 -.83 -18.26 0 0 0 0 -1 2 -.25 -5.44 0 0 -3 0 -3 3 1.92 -1.16 0 0 0 -4 -1 1 5.23 -1.47 -1 0 -4 2 -2 1 -1.28 -3.62 0 0 0 -1 0 1 2.33 -2.61 -3 1 -2 0 -2 2 -.88 -1.13 -1 -1 -2 0 -1 2 .24 .00 0 0 0 2 -2 2 .05 -1.31 2 0 2 0 2 -2 2.33 7.19 0 0 2 2 2 -2 2.87 7.66 1 0 2 0 2 -2 .59 43.62 -1 0 2 2 2 -2 -3.07 8.30 0 0 2 0 1 -2 .50 -9.59 0 0 2 0 2 -2 -13.37 257.07 -1 0 2 0 2 -2 1.83 -7.67 0 1 2 -2 2 -2 -7.08 .33 0 0 2 -2 2 -2 -72.53 106.95 0 1 0 0 0 -2 .34 -4.29 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -18.74 12.64 0 0 0 0 1 -2 -5.59 3.77 0 0 3 0 3 -3 -.56 -1.57 3 -1 2 0 2 -2 -.98 4.60 1 1 2 0 1 -2 -.62 4.28 0 0 0 -2 2 -2 -.83 2.72 -2 0 -2 0 -2 1 -9.61 10.46 0 0 -2 -2 -2 1 -2.10 6.59 -1 0 -2 0 -1 1 -5.69 1.36 -1 0 -2 0 -2 1 -30.17 7.22 1 0 -2 -2 -2 1 -6.11 3.75 0 0 -2 0 -1 1 -25.99 8.52 0 0 -2 0 -2 1 -137.83 45.19 1 0 -2 0 -2 1 0.02 4.31 -1 0 0 0 0 1 -2.08 -2.41 0 -1 -2 2 -2 1 -0.83 -0.64 0 0 -2 2 -2 1 -43.93 18.22 0 -1 0 0 0 1 28.38 6.45 0 0 0 0 1 1 -3.04 1.59 0 0 0 0 0 1 153.82 -80.29 0 0 0 0 -1 1 20.86 -10.89 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.94 -2.77 0 0 2 -2 2 1 1.27 9.68 1 0 0 0 0 1 3.54 -5.74 0 0 2 0 2 1 5.56 -8.97 0 0 2 0 1 1 3.56 -5.74 1 0 2 0 2 1 2.27 4.21 1 0 2 0 1 1 1.45 2.69 -2 0 -2 0 -2 2 -0.03 -0.18 0 0 -2 -2 -2 2 2.91 -4.06 -1 0 -2 0 -2 2 6.79 -11.88 1 0 -2 -2 -2 2 5.56 1.78 0 0 -2 0 -1 2 -1.04 2.26 0 0 -2 0 -2 2 27.76 -60.45 1 0 -2 0 -2 2 -0.84 -0.96 0 -1 -2 2 -2 2 4.79 -4.67 0 0 -2 2 -2 2 0.92 -19.76 0 -1 0 0 0 2 0.04 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 2 -0.24 -15.36 0 0 0 0 -1 2 -0.07 -4.58 0 0 -3 0 -3 3 -0.31 -4.83 2 0 2 0 2 -2 -0.92 8.15 0 0 2 2 2 -2 -0.30 10.73 1 0 2 0 2 -2 1.30 41.48 -1 0 2 2 2 -2 -8.46 15.22 0 0 2 0 1 -2 0.40 -9.74 0 0 2 0 2 -2 -10.77 261.15 -1 0 2 0 2 -2 0.59 -7.09 0 1 2 -2 2 -2 -8.99 0.66 0 0 2 -2 2 -2 -70.34 109.31 0 1 0 0 0 -2 -1.94 -3.02 0 0 0 0 0 -2 -18.82 8.37 0 0 0 0 1 -2 -5.61 2.49 0 0 3 0 3 -3 0.77 -3.13 APPENDIX H. ----------- Reference station pressure (in mbar). ALGOPARK -.4200 987.7269 AUSTINTX -.4500 987.8843 AZORES .0000 980.0000 BERMUDA -.1700 1032.0591 BLKBUTTE -.4600 958.2020 BLOOMIND -.3900 986.2808 BR-VLBA -.4700 991.1151 BREST -.3500 1018.2115 CARNUSTY -.2700 1006.7997 CARROLGA -.4600 983.5973 CHLBOLTN -.2400 1004.2083 CRIMEA -.3700 1022.2811 DAITO -.1700 1004.8062 DEADMANL -.3900 921.1954 DSS15 -.2980 903.3864 DSS45 -.3600 940.8996 DSS65 -.3700 927.3283 EFLSBERG -.4400 973.3153 ELY -.4600 818.4020 FD-VLBA -.4363 840.9660 FLAGSTAF -.5400 780.6606 FORT ORD -.3000 1026.5164 FORTLEZA -.4600 1008.8414 FORTORDS -.3000 996.2424 FTD 7900 -.4363 843.6926 GGAO7108 -.3600 1009.1006 GILCREEK -.3470 973.5949 GOLDVENU -.4200 907.6266 GORF7102 -.3600 1013.7940 GRASSE -.2800 880.8029 HALEAKAL .0000 980.0000 HARTRAO -.5100 872.2941 HATCREEK -.3257 903.4485 HAYSTACK -.4330 1004.2732 HN-VLBA -.3600 974.3740 HOBART26 -.0680 1015.8087 HOFN -.4000 1008.1025 HOHENFRG -.3900 1006.0411 HOHNBERG -.4000 914.8175 HRAS 085 -.4363 841.6975 JPL MV1 -.3600 968.8810 KARLBURG -.4000 1024.5398 KASHIM34 -.1670 1011.8796 KASHIMA -.1670 1011.6565 KAUAI -.0500 893.1727 KIRSBERG -.4000 999.8500 KODIAK -.3700 1019.8853 KOKEE -.0530 897.6151 KP-VLBA -.5100 809.7043 KWAJAL26 -.0310 1010.4768 LA-VLBA -.4800 805.6143 LEONRDOK -.4900 987.2458 MAMMOTHL -.4200 788.4177 MARCUS .0000 980.0000 MARPOINT -.3500 1015.3604 MATERA -.3400 957.6935 MCD 7850 -.4363 804.4337 MEDICINA -.4100 1015.4830 METSHOVI -.4100 1007.9857 MIAMI20 -.1960 1015.2756 MILESMON -.4700 929.2285 MIYAZAKI -.1670 1010.7844 MIZNAO10 -.1700 1005.5121 MIZUSGSI -.1700 1001.3473 MK-VLBA .0000 980.0000 MOJ 7288 -.2978 904.4807 MOJAVE12 -.2978 910.8149 MON PEAK -.4300 817.6861 MV2ONSLA -.1590 1018.9158 NL-VLBA -.4100 992.0599 NOBEY 6M -.2500 888.1540 NOME -.3200 979.4225 NOTO -.3600 1004.8668 NRAO 140 -.4100 924.2388 NRAO20 -.4100 921.1600 NRAO85 1 -.4100 925.3710 NRAO85 3 -.4100 925.6830 NYALES20 -.2100 999.8049 OCOTILLO -.4300 1018.0067 OHIGGINS -.2300 995.1413 ONSALA60 -.1590 1008.6664 OV-VLBA -.3600 884.1696 OVR 7853 -.3600 888.0806 OVRO 130 -.3600 885.8806 PARKES -.4000 967.9925 PBLOSSOM -.3800 913.4080 PENTICTN -.4400 966.3524 PIETOWN -.4400 766.7355 PINFLATS -.4400 888.9036 PLATTVIL -.4600 854.2665 PRESIDIO -.3200 1025.0298 PT REYES -.3200 1027.5281 PVERDES -.3200 1020.2778 QUINCY -.3600 897.4122 RICHMOND -.1960 1017.6532 ROBLED32 -.3700 1007.4550 SAGARA -.4000 1002.6400 SANPAULA -.3900 1010.2264 SANTIA12 -.3300 937.0019 SC-VLBA -.0500 994.8800 SEATTLE1 -.4000 1043.2625 SESHAN25 -.3200 1013.3407 SEST -.3100 774.8864 SHANGHAI -.3790 1012.1340 SINTOTU -.1670 1003.8890 SNDPOINT -.3700 1011.2705 SOURDOGH -.4300 952.7302 TIDBIN64 -.3600 937.1552 TITIJIMA -.1670 1012.7039 TOULOUSE -.4000 1013.0025 TROMSONO -.3100 1001.7485 TRYSILNO -.3700 932.2366 TSUKUBA -.1670 1011.0706 URUMQI -.5900 798.9826 USSURISK -.3800 993.4937 USUDA64 -.2600 847.8439 VERNAL -.4900 851.8669 VICTORIA -.3700 1025.1324 VLA -.4400 788.5615 VNDNBERG -.3200 1008.3600 WESTFORD -.4330 1005.9516 WETTZELL -.5290 946.1236 WHTHORSE -.4300 931.0909 YAKATAGA -.3700 1018.9455 YEBES -.4200 907.5895 YELLOWKN -.4400 986.8436 YLOW7296 -.4400 987.1935 YUMA -.4500 979.1090 VLBA85 3 -.4000 980.0000 WIDE85 3 -.4100 924.0000 BADARI -.5500 945.6600 BEARLAKE -.4800 989.6000 HYDERBAD -.5200 967.1800 KAGOSHMA -.2200 1010.3000 KIRUNA -.3700 991.8800 KYUSHU -.1670 1007.1000 MCMURDO -.3600 968.2900 SVETLOE -.4100 996.6600 SYOWA -.4900 921.6600 TAHITI .0000 980.0000 TORUN -.4400 986.1500 ULANUDE -.5700 900.1300 WESTBRK0 -.4000 996.3600 YEVPATOR -.4600 967.7200 ZELENCHK -.5100 967.4900 DEFAULT .0000 980.0000